reverse-skills-max: initial public release (restored, redacted, hardened)
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# Extension verification — native DBI/deobfuscation and protocol reverse engineering
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Covers the 2026-09 extension pass that added `references/native-dbi-and-deobfuscation.md` and
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`references/protocol-reverse.md`. Strength labels as defined in this directory's README:
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**observed** (exact command + output here), **inferred** (follows from observed facts, step not
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executed), **unverified** (assumed or externally reported, not independently confirmed).
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Reference environment for this pass: Windows 11 host, Python 3.14.0, host frida 16.7.19
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(frida-tools 13.7.1); rooted physical device, Android 11 (API 30), arm64-v8a, 8-core mid-range SoC,
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with an on-device frida-server 16.7.19 that was already running when the pass started and was never
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killed or restarted (pid 23405 at pass time). All Stalker work ran against system processes; the
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hardened Flutter sample under analysis by a different task on the same device was never attached to,
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spawned, or stopped by this pass.
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**The headline result is a negative one, and it is the reason this record matters: on this
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combination, Stalker follow installs successfully and produces no events.** The record separates
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that finding from a crash observed later in the same session; they are different observations with
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different causes and must not be merged.
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---
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## 1. Scripts under test — observed
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`skills/apk-reverse/scripts/stalker_trace.js` (456 lines) and
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`skills/apk-reverse/scripts/stalker_report.py` (236 lines) were already on disk from an earlier
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attempt of this task; this pass read them, changed neither, and exercised both.
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```
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$ node --check skills/apk-reverse/scripts/stalker_trace.js
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syntax check exit = 0
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$ python skills/apk-reverse/scripts/stalker_report.py --help
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usage: stalker_report.py [-h] [--top TOP] [--skeleton SKELETON]
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[--edges EDGES] [--seq SEQ] [--json PATH] [--quiet]
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log
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Summarize a stalker_trace.js log into a block histogram, a first-visit CFG
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skeleton, and call-edge tables.
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```
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Two workbench drivers were written for this pass and live in `tools/_work/t4-dbi/` (not part of the
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skill): `drive_usb.py`, which attaches over USB and calls
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`rpc.exports.config(...)` / `start(tid)` explicitly, and `pb_selftest.py` (§7).
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Why a second driver was needed at all: `scripts/run_probe.py` injects the probe faithfully (its
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`--via usb` path attached and logged `READY`/`TRIG`/`DONE` correctly), but it never calls the
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script's rpc exports, so `stalker_trace.js` runs with its built-in `autoStart` and follows whichever
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thread `Process.getMainThreadId()` reports. That thread is not the Android main thread on this
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device (§3), and there is no way to override it from that driver.
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## 2. Report parser validated against a hand-written fixture — observed
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`tools/_work/t4-dbi/synthetic.log` is a **hand-written** fixture (16 lines, 1,008 B) in the script's
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documented output grammar, including lines wrapped the way `run_probe.py` wraps them. It is not a
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device run and proves nothing about Stalker; it proves the parser reads the grammar.
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```
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$ python skills/apk-reverse/scripts/stalker_report.py tools/_work/t4-dbi/synthetic.log \
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--top 4 --skeleton 6 --edges 4 --seq 8
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module libdemo.so base=0x7abc000000 size=1048576 (target)
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unique blocks first-seen (BB) : 3
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block executions (BLK) : 7
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call edges (CALL) : 2
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DONE reason=timeout truncated=0 (device-side counts: bb=3 blk=7 call=2)
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== execution histogram: top 4 (dispatcher candidates) ==
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rank count pct block firstSeen
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1 4 57.1% libdemo.so+0x9f6c0 #1
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2 2 28.6% libdemo.so+0x9f710 #2
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3 1 14.3% libdemo.so+0x9f800 #5
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== call edges (top 4 of 2) ==
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1 0x7ab3001020 -> libdemo.so+0x9f6c0
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1 libdemo.so+0x9f800 -> libdemo.so+0x9f710
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== collapsed execution sequence (first 6 runs of 6) ==
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libdemo.so+0x9f6c0 -> libdemo.so+0x9f710 -> libdemo.so+0x9f6c0 -> libdemo.so+0x9f800 ->
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libdemo.so+0x9f6c0*2 -> libdemo.so+0x9f710
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```
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The four reductions the reference promises — histogram, first-visit skeleton, call edges, collapsed
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sequence — all behave as documented, including the `*N` repeat collapse that makes a
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dispatcher/real-block rhythm legible. `--quiet` and `--json` paths were exercised too (§3, §4).
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## 3. Device attempt A — follow a chosen thread, zero events (observed)
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Two system processes, each attached for 8 s with `followMs=4000`, target module `libc.so`,
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`autoStart` disabled by the driver, and the followed tid passed explicitly.
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```
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$ python tools/_work/t4-dbi/drive_usb.py --js skills/apk-reverse/scripts/stalker_trace.js \
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--pid <settings pid> --seconds 8 --log tools/_work/t4-dbi/run2_settings_main.log
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READY stalker_trace loaded; target=libc.so trigger={"kind":"main"} followMs=4000 maxBlocks=100000 moduleLoaded=true
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TRIG following tid=26261 (main-thread follow (pid=19938)) module=libc.so base=0x721be88000
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TRACE MOD libc.so base=0x721be88000 size=999424 path=/apex/com.android.runtime/lib64/bionic/libc.so
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DONE reason=reconfig blocks=0 blk=0 calls=0 truncated=0
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TRIG main trigger armed (autoStart=false); call start()
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[rpc] start(19938) -> {"following": true, "followingTid": 19938}
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DONE reason=timeout blocks=0 blk=0 calls=0 truncated=0
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```
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Facts worth keeping separate from the interpretation:
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- `Process.getMainThreadId()` returned **26261** for a process whose pid is **19938**. On Android the
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main thread's tid equals the pid, so the script's default thread selection followed a different
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thread. This is observed on this device/version and is the reason the reference tells the reader to
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pass `start(tid)` explicitly.
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- Re-running with `start(19938)` — the real main thread — produced **the same zero**:
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`DONE reason=timeout blocks=0 blk=0 calls=0`.
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- A third run against a system UI process (`run3_systemui_libc.log`, same `followMs=4000`)
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reproduced it identically. `stalker_report.py --quiet` on all three logs prints the same summary line
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(`unique blocks first-seen (BB): 0`, `block executions (BLK): 0`, `call edges (CALL): 0`) and the
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script's own "no target-module blocks at all" diagnosis.
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**Interpretation: unverified as to cause.** The pipeline was healthy up to `TRIG following`, the
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module was loaded and in `maps`, and the Interceptor trigger demonstrably fired (§4) — so the
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narrowest supportable statement is "follow installs, events do not arrive in `onReceive`". Whether
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that is a frida-server build property, a ROM restriction, or something about the followed threads was
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not established and is not claimed. No trace was successfully recorded on this device during this
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pass.
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## 4. Device attempt B — hot-function export trigger, zero events (observed)
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The `export` trigger kind was exercised with `malloc` in `libc.so` as the trigger target, so that
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each call would start a follow and each return would end it. The trigger fired repeatedly for the
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whole window.
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```
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$ python tools/_work/t4-dbi/drive_usb.py --js skills/apk-reverse/scripts/stalker_trace.js \
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--pid <systemui pid> --seconds 6 --log tools/_work/t4-dbi/run4_systemui_malloc.log \
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--cfg '{"targetModule":"libc.so","trigger":{"kind":"export","module":"libc.so","export":"malloc"},"followMs":1000,"maxBlocks":20000}'
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$ lines = 609 follows = 201 done_lines = 201 nonzero_blk = 0
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# per-firing shape:
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TRIG following tid=18915 (trigger 0x721becbbf0) module=libc.so base=0x721be88000
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DONE reason=trigger-leave blocks=0 blk=0 calls=0 truncated=0
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```
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This is the strongest evidence for the §3 statement: **201 fully-formed follow cycles, each with a
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clean `DONE`, and not one reported block in any of them.** A trigger that never fires would show
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`TRIG-FAIL` or a single cycle; a filter that dropped everything would still be consistent with this,
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which is why §3's claim is deliberately limited to "events do not arrive".
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## 5. Device attempt C — a system UI process died during the hot-trigger run (observed)
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Same run as §4, minutes later, on the same pid. The process died and was restarted by the system.
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```
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$ adb shell pidof com.android.systemui
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18030 # before
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26932 # after
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$ adb shell "su -c 'logcat -b crash -d -t 80'"
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09-21 20:22:25.327 ... F DEBUG : pc 00000070cf8ae464 pst 0000000040001000
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09-21 20:22:25.719 ... F DEBUG : backtrace:
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09-21 20:22:25.719 ... F DEBUG : #00 pc 000000000001f464 <anonymous:70cf88f000>
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09-21 20:22:25.719 ... F DEBUG : #01 pc 00000000004d0b64 /apex/com.android.art/lib64/libart.so
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(art::Reference_getReferent(_JNIEnv*, _jobject*)+44)
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09-21 20:22:25.719 ... F DEBUG : #03 pc 000000000008220c boot.oat (art_jni_trampoline+124)
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09-21 20:22:25.719 ... F DEBUG : #08 pc 0000000000714240 boot-framework.oat (android.os.Looper.loop+2176)
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```
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Reading of the record, stated as an attribution hypothesis rather than a proven mechanism: frame
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`#00` sits in an **anonymous executable region** (`<anonymous:70cf88f000>`), which is the shape of a
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DBI's translated-code cache rather than of a file-backed library, and the return path leads into
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`libart`. The condition that distinguishes this run from §3/§4 is **hundreds of follow/unfollow
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cycles on a hot function**, so the attributed cause is that cycle — a follow/unfollow race against
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ART's own execution state — not "Stalker is unusable". The engine-level question (would a single
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long follow of the same thread also crash it?) was not tested and remains **unverified**.
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The consequence written into the reference is therefore operational, not diagnostic: *do not use a
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hot function as a follow trigger, and do not build a per-call follow/unfollow cycle.* Note also that
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this crash is **not** the explanation for the zero-event results in §3/§4: those runs produced their
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zeros before any death, on two other processes, and one of them never touched an export trigger.
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## 6. Cross-task contamination on a shared device — observed (reported by the Lead)
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While §3–§5 were running, the device's `load average` was **34.11** (`adb shell uptime`, 1:38 after
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boot) on an 8-core mid-range phone, and a dynamic job belonging to **another task on the same
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device** — a dex-dumping attach against the hardened Flutter sample — was destroyed mid-flight with
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`script has been destroyed` and a terminating process. Both facts are the Lead's observation of its
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own job, quoted here because they are part of this pass's outcome; no claim is made that the sample
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was affected for any reason other than device load, and the sample's own pid changes observed
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independently during that window are **not** attributed to this pass.
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The rule this produced, added to the reference's failure modes: on a shared device, a heavy DBI run
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is not an isolated experiment. One job pushing the device to load 30+ makes every *other* dynamic
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result on that device unattributable, which is `references/long-task-discipline.md` §single-variable
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discipline applied to hardware rather than to a patch. Practically: announce the window, keep
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`followMs` in the low seconds, cap `maxBlocks`, attach rather than spawn, and treat a
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`script has been destroyed` in a *different* job as a signal that your own load is the variable.
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## 7. Protobuf wire format self-test — observed
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`tools/_work/t4-dbi/pb_selftest.py` (workbench) encodes a message by hand and decodes it by walking
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the wire format, with no `protoc`, no schema, and no third-party protobuf runtime. It exists to give
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`references/protocol-reverse.md` §1 an output behind its claims.
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```
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$ python tools/_work/t4-dbi/pb_selftest.py
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== canonical varint check ==
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varint(0 ) = 00 ok
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varint(150 ) = 9601 ok
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varint(300 ) = ac02 ok
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varint(86942 ) = 9ea705 ok
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== fixture bytes ==
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nested payload (5 B): 0801120178
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packed payload (6 B): 038e029ea705
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message (29 B): 089601120774657374696e671a0508011201782206038e029ea7052800
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== schema-free decode (the shape protoc --decode_raw produces) ==
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field 1 varint 150
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field 2 len-delimited(7) str 'testing'
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field 3 len-delimited(5) nested message:
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field 1 varint 1
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field 2 len-delimited(1) str 'x'
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field 4 len-delimited(6) hex '038e029ea705'
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field 5 varint 0
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== what the decode cannot tell you ==
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explicit 0 at field 5 : 2800
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field 5 never written : b''
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-> proto3 cannot distinguish these two on the wire; a decoded "0" is not evidence the sender set the field.
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-> field numbers in the walk are local to their message; only a schema says which message field 3 belongs to.
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== re-encode round trip ==
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rebuild from the walked rows equals original: True
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```
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Two of the reference's claims are now measured rather than repeated: the packed repeated field
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(`3, 270, 86942`) is reported by a schema-free decode as opaque hex because element boundaries need a
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schema, and an explicitly written proto3 zero is byte-identical to an absent field. The round-trip
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check is also load-bearing as a testing habit: the first version of this script printed
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`equals original: False`, and the defect was the decoder's own string/bytes ambiguity — the same
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false-confidence trap the reference warns about for third-party decoders.
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## 8. Not run, and therefore unverified
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Everything below is stated in the references as inferred or unverified, and was **not** exercised in
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this pass:
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- Any successful Stalker trace. No histogram, no dispatcher identification, and no CFG skeleton was
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produced from real device execution; §2's fixture is hand-written.
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- Whether Stalker works on this device under a different frida-server build, a different ROM, or with
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a single long follow instead of per-call cycles.
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- `events.exec` and `events.ret` (the per-instruction and return-edge paths) — never enabled.
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- QBDI / frida-qbdi, angr, Triton, unidbg, Unicorn: not installed, not run. §4/§5 of
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`native-dbi-and-deobfuscation.md` are method descriptions.
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- Trace-driven deflattening end to end, including the state-variable identification and the LIEF
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rewrite. The community write-up cited there was read, not reproduced; its performance numbers are
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the author's.
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- `protoc`, `protobuf-inspector`, `blackboxprotobuf`, `pbtk`/`protodump`, `grpcurl`: not installed,
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not run. The schema-recovery routes in `protocol-reverse.md` §2 are inferred from generated-code
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markers, not demonstrated on a real APK.
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- gRPC and QUIC/HTTP3 capture: no HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 client was exercised; §3/§4 of
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`protocol-reverse.md` are unverified.
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- `universal-flutter-ssl-pinning` / PyGhidra discovery, and the Frida/Renef output it generates: not
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reproduced. The README's own testing table (Google Flutter arm64-v8a, Shorebird builds, Ghidra
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12.x, Frida 16.x/17.x) is the only evidence behind that section.
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- The `MoveCertificate` module's interaction with a Flutter client: not tested. The reference states
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the boundary conditionally (store-reading clients only), not as a measured result.
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## 9. What this pass licenses
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It licenses the following statements and nothing wider: the trace/report toolchain is syntactically
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sound and its parser is verified against its documented grammar; an Android 11 arm64 device with
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frida-server 16.7.19 accepted Stalker follows and delivered no events, so *a zero-block trace is not
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by itself evidence about the target*; a per-call follow on a hot export killed a system process; and
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the protobuf wire-format rules the new reference teaches are measured on a fixture, including the two
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traps (packed fields, explicit zeros) that a decode cannot resolve without a schema.
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