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---
name: reverse-engineering-android-malware-with-jadx
description: 'Reverse engineers malicious Android APK files using JADX decompiler to analyze Java/Kotlin source code, identify
malicious functionality including data theft, C2 communication, privilege escalation, and overlay attacks. Examines manifest
permissions, receivers, services, and native libraries. Activates for requests involving Android malware analysis, APK reverse
engineering, mobile malware investigation, or Android threat analysis.
'
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: malware-analysis
tags:
- malware
- Android
- reverse-engineering
- JADX
- mobile-malware
version: 1.0.0
author: mahipal
license: Apache-2.0
nist_csf:
- DE.AE-02
- RS.AN-03
- ID.RA-01
- DE.CM-01
---
# Reverse Engineering Android Malware with JADX
## When to Use
- A suspicious Android APK has been reported as malicious or flagged by mobile threat detection
- Analyzing Android banking trojans, spyware, SMS stealers, or adware samples
- Determining what data an app collects, where it sends it, and what permissions it abuses
- Extracting C2 server addresses, encryption keys, and configuration data from Android malware
- Understanding overlay attack mechanisms used by banking trojans
**Do not use** for analyzing obfuscated native (.so) libraries within APKs; use Ghidra or IDA for native ARM binary analysis.
## Prerequisites
- JADX 1.5+ installed (download from https://github.com/skylot/jadx/releases)
- Android SDK with `aapt2` and `adb` tools for APK inspection
- apktool for full APK disassembly including smali code and resources
- Python 3.8+ with `androguard` library for automated APK analysis
- Frida for dynamic instrumentation (optional, for runtime analysis)
- Isolated Android emulator (Genymotion or Android Studio AVD) without Google services
## Workflow
### Step 1: Extract APK Metadata and Permissions
Examine the APK structure and AndroidManifest.xml:
```bash
# Get APK basic info
aapt2 dump badging malware.apk
# Extract AndroidManifest.xml
apktool d malware.apk -o apk_extracted/ -f
# Analyze permissions with androguard
python3 << 'PYEOF'
from androguard.core.apk import APK
apk = APK("malware.apk")
print(f"Package: {apk.get_package()}")
print(f"App Name: {apk.get_app_name()}")
print(f"Version: {apk.get_androidversion_name()}")
print(f"Min SDK: {apk.get_min_sdk_version()}")
print(f"Target SDK: {apk.get_target_sdk_version()}")
# Dangerous permissions
dangerous_perms = {
"android.permission.READ_SMS": "SMS theft",
"android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS": "SMS interception",
"android.permission.SEND_SMS": "Premium SMS fraud",
"android.permission.READ_CONTACTS": "Contact harvesting",
"android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG": "Call log theft",
"android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO": "Audio surveillance",
"android.permission.CAMERA": "Camera surveillance",
"android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION": "Location tracking",
"android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE": "Device fingerprinting",
"android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW": "Overlay attacks",
"android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE": "Full device control",
"android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES": "Sideloading apps",
"android.permission.BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN": "Device admin abuse",
}
print("\nDangerous Permissions:")
for perm in apk.get_permissions():
if perm in dangerous_perms:
print(f" [!] {perm}")
print(f" Risk: {dangerous_perms[perm]}")
elif "android.permission" in perm:
print(f" [*] {perm}")
# Components
print("\nActivities:")
for act in apk.get_activities():
print(f" {act}")
print("\nServices:")
for svc in apk.get_services():
print(f" {svc}")
print("\nReceivers:")
for rcv in apk.get_receivers():
print(f" {rcv}")
PYEOF
```
### Step 2: Decompile with JADX
Open the APK in JADX for Java/Kotlin source analysis:
```bash
# Open in JADX GUI
jadx-gui malware.apk
# Command-line decompilation for scripted analysis
jadx -d jadx_output/ malware.apk --show-bad-code
# Decompile with all options
jadx -d jadx_output/ malware.apk \
--deobf \
--deobf-min 3 \
--deobf-max 64 \
--show-bad-code \
--threads-count 4
# The output directory structure:
# jadx_output/
# sources/ <- Decompiled Java source code
# com/malware/app/
# MainActivity.java
# C2Service.java
# SMSReceiver.java
# resources/ <- Decoded resources (layouts, strings, assets)
# AndroidManifest.xml
# res/
# assets/
```
### Step 3: Identify Malicious Functionality
Search for suspicious code patterns in decompiled sources:
```bash
# Search for network communication
grep -rn "HttpURLConnection\|OkHttpClient\|Retrofit\|Volley\|URL(" jadx_output/sources/
# Search for SMS operations
grep -rn "SmsManager\|getDefault().sendTextMessage\|SMS_RECEIVED" jadx_output/sources/
# Search for overlay attack code
grep -rn "SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW\|TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY\|WindowManager.LayoutParams" jadx_output/sources/
# Search for accessibility service abuse
grep -rn "AccessibilityService\|onAccessibilityEvent\|performAction" jadx_output/sources/
# Search for data exfiltration
grep -rn "getDeviceId\|getSubscriberId\|getSimSerialNumber\|getLine1Number" jadx_output/sources/
# Search for crypto operations (key storage, encryption)
grep -rn "SecretKeySpec\|Cipher.getInstance\|AES\|DES\|RSA" jadx_output/sources/
# Search for dynamic code loading
grep -rn "DexClassLoader\|PathClassLoader\|loadDex\|loadClass" jadx_output/sources/
# Search for obfuscated strings and decryption
grep -rn "Base64.decode\|decrypt\|decipher\|xor" jadx_output/sources/
```
### Step 4: Analyze C2 Communication
Trace the network communication logic:
```python
# Automated C2 extraction from decompiled code
import os
import re
jadx_dir = "jadx_output/sources"
# Patterns for C2 URLs and IPs
url_pattern = re.compile(r'https?://[^\s"\'<>]+')
ip_pattern = re.compile(r'"(\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3})"')
base64_pattern = re.compile(r'"([A-Za-z0-9+/]{20,}={0,2})"')
urls = set()
ips = set()
b64_strings = set()
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(jadx_dir):
for fname in files:
if fname.endswith('.java'):
filepath = os.path.join(root, fname)
with open(filepath, 'r', errors='ignore') as f:
content = f.read()
for match in url_pattern.finditer(content):
urls.add(match.group())
for match in ip_pattern.finditer(content):
ips.add(match.group(1))
for match in base64_pattern.finditer(content):
b64_strings.add(match.group(1))
print("URLs found:")
for u in urls:
print(f" {u}")
print("\nIP addresses:")
for ip in ips:
print(f" {ip}")
# Decode Base64 strings
import base64
print("\nDecoded Base64 strings:")
for b64 in b64_strings:
try:
decoded = base64.b64decode(b64).decode('utf-8', errors='ignore')
if any(c.isprintable() for c in decoded) and len(decoded) > 3:
print(f" {b64[:30]}... -> {decoded[:100]}")
except:
pass
```
### Step 5: Examine Native Libraries
Check for native code that may contain additional malicious logic:
```bash
# List native libraries in the APK
unzip -l malware.apk | grep "\.so$"
# Extract native libraries
unzip malware.apk "lib/*" -d apk_native/
# Check native library properties
file apk_native/lib/armeabi-v7a/*.so
readelf -d apk_native/lib/armeabi-v7a/*.so | grep NEEDED
# Strings from native libraries
strings apk_native/lib/armeabi-v7a/libpayload.so | grep -iE "(http|url|key|encrypt|password)"
# For deep native analysis, import into Ghidra:
# File -> Import -> Select .so file -> Select ARM architecture
```
### Step 6: Document Analysis and Extract IOCs
Compile a comprehensive Android malware analysis report:
```
Analysis documentation should include:
- APK metadata (package name, version, signing certificate)
- Permission analysis with risk assessment
- Component analysis (activities, services, receivers, providers)
- Decompiled code walkthrough of malicious functions
- C2 communication protocol and endpoints
- Data exfiltration methods and targeted data types
- Persistence mechanisms (device admin, accessibility service)
- Evasion techniques (emulator detection, root detection)
- Extracted IOCs (C2 URLs, domains, IPs, signing certificate hash)
```
## Key Concepts
| Term | Definition |
|------|------------|
| **APK (Android Package)** | Android application package format containing compiled DEX bytecode, resources, manifest, and native libraries |
| **DEX Bytecode** | Dalvik Executable format containing compiled Java/Kotlin code; JADX converts this back to readable Java source |
| **Overlay Attack** | Banking trojan technique displaying a fake UI layer over a legitimate banking app to steal credentials using SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission |
| **Accessibility Service Abuse** | Malware registering as an accessibility service to capture screen content, perform actions, and prevent uninstallation |
| **Smali** | Human-readable representation of DEX bytecode; intermediate representation between bytecode and Java used by apktool |
| **Dynamic Code Loading** | Loading additional DEX code at runtime using DexClassLoader to hide malicious functionality from static analysis |
| **Device Admin Abuse** | Malware requesting device administrator privileges to prevent uninstallation and perform device wipe threats |
## Tools & Systems
- **JADX**: Open-source DEX to Java decompiler providing GUI and CLI for Android APK analysis with deobfuscation support
- **apktool**: Tool for reverse engineering Android APK files to smali code and decoded resources
- **androguard**: Python framework for automated Android APK analysis including permission, component, and code analysis
- **Frida**: Dynamic instrumentation toolkit for hooking Java methods and native functions at runtime on Android
- **MobSF (Mobile Security Framework)**: Automated mobile application security testing framework for static and dynamic analysis
## Common Scenarios
### Scenario: Analyzing an Android Banking Trojan
**Context**: A banking trojan APK is distributed via SMS phishing targeting customers of a specific bank. The sample needs analysis to identify targeted banks, C2 infrastructure, and data theft mechanisms.
**Approach**:
1. Extract APK metadata and identify requested permissions (SMS, accessibility, overlay, device admin)
2. Decompile with JADX and search for overlay activity classes that mimic banking app UIs
3. Identify the list of targeted banking apps by searching for package name lists in the code
4. Trace the SMS interception receiver to understand how 2FA codes are stolen
5. Follow the C2 communication code to extract server URLs and command protocol
6. Check for web injection configuration files in assets/ directory
7. Extract all IOCs and document the complete attack chain
**Pitfalls**:
- Not deobfuscating class and method names before analysis (use JADX --deobf flag)
- Missing dynamically loaded DEX files downloaded after installation
- Ignoring native .so libraries that may contain the actual C2 logic or encryption routines
- Overlooking assets/ directory which may contain encrypted configuration or web injects
## Output Format
```
ANDROID MALWARE ANALYSIS REPORT
==================================
APK File: update_bank.apk
Package: com.android.systemupdate
SHA-256: e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb924...
Version: 1.2.3
Min SDK: 21 (Android 5.0)
Signing Cert: SHA-256: abc123... (self-signed)
CLASSIFICATION
Family: Anubis Banking Trojan
Type: Banking Trojan / SMS Stealer / Keylogger
DANGEROUS PERMISSIONS
[!] RECEIVE_SMS - Intercepts incoming SMS (2FA theft)
[!] READ_SMS - Reads SMS messages
[!] SEND_SMS - Sends premium SMS
[!] SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW - Overlay attacks on banking apps
[!] BIND_ACCESSIBILITY - Full device control
[!] BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN - Prevents uninstallation
MALICIOUS COMPONENTS
Service: com.android.systemupdate.C2Service (C2 communication)
Receiver: com.android.systemupdate.SmsReceiver (SMS interception)
Activity: com.android.systemupdate.OverlayActivity (credential overlay)
TARGETED APPS (23 banking apps)
com.bank.example1, com.bank.example2, ...
C2 INFRASTRUCTURE
Primary: hxxps://c2-server[.]com/api/bot
Fallback: hxxps://backup-c2[.]net/api/bot
Protocol: HTTPS POST with JSON body
Bot ID: MD5(IMEI + Build.SERIAL)
EXTRACTED IOCs
Domains: c2-server[.]com, backup-c2[.]net
IPs: 185.220.101[.]42
URLs: hxxps://c2-server[.]com/api/bot
hxxps://c2-server[.]com/api/injects
Cert Hash: abc123def456...
```

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# API Reference: Android Malware Reverse Engineering with JADX Agent
## Overview
Reverse engineers Android APKs using apktool for manifest extraction, JADX for Java decompilation, and regex-based source code analysis for malicious patterns (C2 URLs, SMS interception, overlay attacks).
## Dependencies
| Package | Version | Purpose |
|---------|---------|---------|
| hashlib | stdlib | APK hash computation |
| xml.etree | stdlib | AndroidManifest.xml parsing |
## External Tools Required
| Tool | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| apktool | APK disassembly and manifest extraction |
| jadx | DEX to Java decompilation with deobfuscation |
## Core Functions
### `compute_apk_hashes(apk_path)`
Generates MD5 and SHA-256 hashes for APK identification.
### `extract_manifest(apk_path, output_dir)`
Extracts AndroidManifest.xml and parses permissions, activities, services, receivers.
- **Returns**: `dict` with `package`, `permissions`, `activities`, `services`, `receivers`
### `analyze_permissions(permissions)`
Classifies permissions against a list of 16 dangerous Android permissions.
- **Risk**: CRITICAL if SMS/accessibility/device-admin, HIGH if >5 dangerous
- **Returns**: `dict` with categorized permission lists and risk level
### `decompile_with_jadx(apk_path, output_dir)`
Runs JADX with `--deobf` flag for deobfuscated Java source output.
- **Timeout**: 300 seconds
### `search_source_code(source_dir, patterns)`
Searches decompiled Java source for 10 malicious pattern categories.
- **Returns**: `dict[str, list[dict]]` - pattern name to file/match pairs
### `analyze_apk(apk_path, output_base)`
Full pipeline: hashes -> manifest -> permissions -> decompile -> code analysis.
## Malicious Code Patterns
| Pattern | Indicator |
|---------|-----------|
| urls | HTTP/HTTPS C2 server addresses |
| ips | Hardcoded IP addresses |
| exec_commands | Runtime.exec() shell command execution |
| reflection | Class.forName() dynamic class loading |
| dex_loading | DexClassLoader for loading additional code |
| overlay_attack | TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY for phishing overlays |
| accessibility_abuse | AccessibilityService for keylogging/automation |
| sms_intercept | SMS_RECEIVED broadcast interception |
## Dangerous Permissions Checked
READ_SMS, SEND_SMS, RECEIVE_SMS, READ_CONTACTS, CAMERA, RECORD_AUDIO, ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION, READ_PHONE_STATE, BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE, BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN, REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES
## Usage
```bash
python agent.py malware.apk
```

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Android malware reverse engineering agent using jadx and androguard subprocess wrappers."""
import subprocess
import os
import sys
import re
import hashlib
from xml.etree import ElementTree
def compute_apk_hashes(apk_path):
"""Compute hashes for APK identification."""
with open(apk_path, "rb") as f:
data = f.read()
return {
"md5": hashlib.md5(data).hexdigest(),
"sha256": hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest(),
"size": len(data),
}
def extract_manifest(apk_path, output_dir):
"""Extract and parse AndroidManifest.xml using apktool."""
subprocess.run(
["apktool", "d", apk_path, "-o", output_dir, "-f"],
capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=120
)
manifest_path = os.path.join(output_dir, "AndroidManifest.xml")
if not os.path.exists(manifest_path):
return {"error": "Manifest extraction failed"}
tree = ElementTree.parse(manifest_path)
root = tree.getroot()
ns = {"android": "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"}
permissions = []
for perm in root.findall(".//uses-permission"):
name = perm.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}name", "")
permissions.append(name)
activities = []
for act in root.findall(".//activity"):
name = act.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}name", "")
exported = act.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}exported", "false")
activities.append({"name": name, "exported": exported})
services = []
for svc in root.findall(".//service"):
name = svc.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}name", "")
services.append(name)
receivers = []
for rcv in root.findall(".//receiver"):
name = rcv.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}name", "")
intents = []
for intent in rcv.findall(".//intent-filter/action"):
intents.append(intent.get(f"{{{ns['android']}}}name", ""))
receivers.append({"name": name, "intents": intents})
package = root.get("package", "")
return {
"package": package,
"permissions": permissions,
"activities": activities,
"services": services,
"receivers": receivers,
}
DANGEROUS_PERMISSIONS = [
"android.permission.READ_SMS", "android.permission.SEND_SMS",
"android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS", "android.permission.READ_CONTACTS",
"android.permission.CAMERA", "android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO",
"android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION", "android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE",
"android.permission.CALL_PHONE", "android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG",
"android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE", "android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE",
"android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW", "android.permission.BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE",
"android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES", "android.permission.BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN",
]
def analyze_permissions(permissions):
"""Classify permissions by risk level."""
dangerous = [p for p in permissions if p in DANGEROUS_PERMISSIONS]
sms_related = [p for p in permissions if "SMS" in p]
accessibility = [p for p in permissions if "ACCESSIBILITY" in p]
admin = [p for p in permissions if "DEVICE_ADMIN" in p or "BIND_ADMIN" in p]
risk = "LOW"
if len(dangerous) > 5:
risk = "HIGH"
if sms_related or accessibility or admin:
risk = "CRITICAL"
return {
"total": len(permissions),
"dangerous": dangerous,
"sms_related": sms_related,
"accessibility": accessibility,
"device_admin": admin,
"risk": risk,
}
def decompile_with_jadx(apk_path, output_dir):
"""Decompile APK to Java source using JADX."""
result = subprocess.run(
["jadx", "-d", output_dir, "--deobf", apk_path],
capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=300
)
return {
"output_dir": output_dir,
"returncode": result.returncode,
"stdout": result.stdout[-500:] if result.stdout else "",
}
def search_source_code(source_dir, patterns=None):
"""Search decompiled source for suspicious patterns."""
if patterns is None:
patterns = {
"urls": r'https?://[^\s"\'<>]+',
"ips": r'\b\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\b',
"crypto_keys": r'(?:AES|DES|RSA|key|secret|encrypt).*?["\']([^"\']{8,})["\']',
"base64_strings": r'[A-Za-z0-9+/]{40,}={0,2}',
"exec_commands": r'Runtime\.getRuntime\(\)\.exec|ProcessBuilder',
"reflection": r'Class\.forName|getMethod|getDeclaredMethod',
"dex_loading": r'DexClassLoader|PathClassLoader|InMemoryDexClassLoader',
"overlay_attack": r'TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY|SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW',
"accessibility_abuse": r'AccessibilityService|onAccessibilityEvent',
"sms_intercept": r'SmsReceiver|SMS_RECEIVED|sendTextMessage',
}
findings = {p: [] for p in patterns}
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(source_dir):
for filename in files:
if not filename.endswith(".java"):
continue
filepath = os.path.join(root, filename)
try:
with open(filepath, "r", errors="ignore") as f:
content = f.read()
for pattern_name, regex in patterns.items():
matches = re.findall(regex, content)
if matches:
findings[pattern_name].extend([
{"file": filepath, "match": m[:100]} for m in matches[:5]
])
except (OSError, UnicodeDecodeError):
pass
for key in findings:
findings[key] = findings[key][:20]
return findings
def analyze_apk(apk_path, output_base="/tmp/apk_analysis"):
"""Full APK analysis pipeline."""
os.makedirs(output_base, exist_ok=True)
report = {"apk": apk_path}
report["hashes"] = compute_apk_hashes(apk_path)
apktool_dir = os.path.join(output_base, "apktool")
report["manifest"] = extract_manifest(apk_path, apktool_dir)
if "permissions" in report["manifest"]:
report["permission_analysis"] = analyze_permissions(report["manifest"]["permissions"])
jadx_dir = os.path.join(output_base, "jadx_output")
report["decompilation"] = decompile_with_jadx(apk_path, jadx_dir)
if os.path.exists(jadx_dir):
source_dir = os.path.join(jadx_dir, "sources")
if os.path.exists(source_dir):
report["code_analysis"] = search_source_code(source_dir)
return report
def print_report(report):
print("Android Malware Analysis Report")
print("=" * 50)
print(f"APK: {report['apk']}")
print(f"SHA-256: {report['hashes']['sha256']}")
print(f"Size: {report['hashes']['size']} bytes")
manifest = report.get("manifest", {})
print(f"\nPackage: {manifest.get('package', 'N/A')}")
perm = report.get("permission_analysis", {})
print(f"Permissions: {perm.get('total', 0)} (Risk: {perm.get('risk', 'N/A')})")
if perm.get("dangerous"):
print(f" Dangerous: {', '.join(p.split('.')[-1] for p in perm['dangerous'][:8])}")
print(f"Activities: {len(manifest.get('activities', []))}")
print(f"Services: {len(manifest.get('services', []))}")
print(f"Receivers: {len(manifest.get('receivers', []))}")
code = report.get("code_analysis", {})
if code:
print("\nCode Analysis Findings:")
for pattern, matches in code.items():
if matches:
print(f" {pattern}: {len(matches)} match(es)")
for m in matches[:3]:
print(f" -> {m['match'][:80]}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print("Usage: python agent.py <apk_file>")
sys.exit(1)
result = analyze_apk(sys.argv[1])
print_report(result)